02609nas a2200301   4500008004100000020001400041245009400055210006900149260003700218300000900255490000700264520164800271653001001919653002301929653002001952653001901972653001901991653001202010653001902022653002102041653001002062653002202072653001602094653002402110100001902134700002502153856012902178       2009                        eng d  a1354-101300aResponse of Mediterranean coralline algae to ocean acidification and elevated temperature0 aResponse of Mediterranean coralline algae to ocean acidification  aOxfordbBlackwell Publishers Ltd  a20890 v153 aThe effects of elevated partial pressure of CO2 ( p CO2) and temperature, alone and in combination, on survival, calcification and dissolution were investigated in the crustose coralline alga Lithophyllum cabiochae . Algae were maintained in aquaria during 1 year at near-ambient conditions of irradiance, at ambient or elevated temperature (+3 °C) and at ambient [ca. 400 parts per million (ppm)] or elevated p CO2 (ca. 700 ppm). Algal necroses appeared at the end of summer under elevated temperature first at 700 ppm (60% of the thallus surface) and then at 400 ppm (30%). The death of algae was observed only under elevated temperature and was two- to threefold higher under elevated p CO2. During the first month of the experiment, net calcification was significantly reduced under elevated p CO2. At the end of the summer period, net calcification decreased by 50% when both temperature and p CO2 were elevated while no effect was found under elevated temperature and elevated p CO2 alone. In autumn and winter, net calcification in healthy algae increased with increasing temperature, independently of the p CO2 level, while necroses and death in the algal population caused a net dissolution at elevated temperature and p CO2. The dissolution of dead algal thalli was affected by elevated p CO2, being two- to fourfold higher than under ambient p CO2. These results suggest that net dissolution is likely to exceed net calcification in L. cabiochae by the end of this century. This could have major consequences in terms of biodiversity and biogeochemistry in coralligenous communities dominated by these algae. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]10aalgae10aAquatic ecosystems10aBiogeochemistry10acarbon dioxide10aClimate change10aGEOLOGY10aGlobal warming10aGreenhouse gases10aOcean10aSurvival analysis10atemperature10aWater acidification1 aSophie, Martin1 aJean-Pierre, Gattuso  uhttps://reefichno.myspecies.info/content/response-mediterranean-coralline-algae-ocean-acidification-and-elevated-temperature02835nas a2200241   4500008004100000020001400041245015600055210006900211260001600280300001000296490000700306520199700313653001502310653001602325653001202341653001202353653001202365653002302377653001102400653001702411100002702428856013802455       1996                        eng d  a0883-135100aDistribution and abundance of macroborers in an upper Miocene reef system, Mallorca, Spain; implications for reef development and framework destruction0 aDistribution and abundance of macroborers in an upper Miocene re  aTULSAbSEPM  a40-560 v113 aThe importance of boring organisms within reef environments, as agents of framework destruction, and thus as controls to rates of reef accretion, has been widely recognised. Relatively little, however, is known about variations in the distribution of macroborers (principally sponges, bivalves and worms), within individual reef systems. The Upper Miocene reefs of Mallorca present a unique opportunity in which to assess such distributional variations. Borings are preserved as casts within the molds of former corals, and these trace fossils typically exhibit highly characteristic morphologies. Based on the distribution of different bore morphologies, it has been possible to assess variations in both the distribution and abundance of individual borers, and the intensity of boring activity across the reef system. Different parts of the reef are characterised by different associations of boring organisms, with the highest diversity of borers, and the most intense boring activity, observed within corals from the lagoonal facies. The principal control on distributional patterns appears to have been the morphology and structure of the reef framebuilders. Massive corals are always more extensively bored, and typically contain a higher diversity of boring organisms than branched or platy corals. On a more local scale, variations in sediment accumulation rates, and degree of substrate encrustation appear to have exerted some degree of control. Rates of reef accretion would have been influenced not only by the abundance of different boring organisms in different parts of the reef, but on the response of different framebuilders to boring activity. Platy and branched corals, whilst typically less intensely bored, would have been more vulnerable to the effects of boring, while massive corals, which were often extensively bored, were more capable of surviving such damage. This preservational bias has important implications for interpreting styles and rates of reef accretion.10abioerosion10acoral reefs10aErosion10aFLORIDA10aGEOLOGY10aGREAT-BARRIER-REEF10aISLAND10aPALEONTOLOGY1 aPerry, Christopher, T.  uhttps://reefichno.myspecies.info/content/distribution-and-abundance-macroborers-upper-miocene-reef-system-mallorca-spain-implications02357nas a2200289   4500008004100000020001400041245007800055210006900133260001600202300001200218490000700230520148700237653001501724653002201739653001601761653001201777653002301789653001101812653001801823653002601841653001701867653001701884653001301901653001201914100002701926856011401953       2000                        eng d  a0883-135100aMacroboring of Pleistocene Coral Communities, Falmouth Formation, Jamaica0 aMacroboring of Pleistocene Coral Communities Falmouth Formation   aTULSAbSEPM  a483-4910 v153 a1 Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK ABSTRACT Coral samples recovered from the Falmouth Formation in north Jamaica, an emergent Pleistocene (Sangamonian) fringing reef complex, contain a wide range of boring morphologies belonging to the ichnogenera Entobia (7 (+1?) ichnospecies), Gastrochaenolites (2 ichnospecies), Maeandropolydora and Trypanites . Sampling from four distinct shallow-water reef biofacies permitted quantification of spatial variations in boring community composition and degree of substrate infestation. Coral samples from back-reef/lagoon facies (mostly coral rubble) are characterized by diverse assemblages of borers, dominated by both sponge and "worm" borings, but with bivalve borings locally important. By contrast, shallow fore-reef facies are dominated by sponge borings, with "worm" borings locally important and bivalve borings rare or absent. Highest rates of substrate infestation (expressed as a % of framework removed by borers) occur within lagoon/back-reef samples. Although facies constraints (especially the absence of deeper water facies) are likely to have exerted an influence on these data, broadly similar borer assemblages have been reported from both modern and other Cenozoic reef systems. The data provide a further link in what is, at present, the very poorly documented history of bioerosion in fossil reef systems.10abioerosion10aCONTINENTAL-SHELF10aDESTRUCTION10aGEOLOGY10aGREAT-BARRIER-REEF10aGROWTH10aLIZARD-ISLAND10aMONTASTRAEA-ANNULARIS10aNOMENCLATURE10aPALEONTOLOGY10aPATTERNS10aPORITES1 aPerry, Christopher, T.  uhttps://reefichno.myspecies.info/content/macroboring-pleistocene-coral-communities-falmouth-formation-jamaica04195nas a2200529   4500008004100000020001400041245010900055210006900164260003800233300001000271490000700281520261000288653002102898653003602919653001502955653001602970653001702986653002403003653001803027653001203045653001803057653001203075653001703087653002303104653001803127653001503145653002703160653001103187653002803198653001503226653001503241653001003256653001903266653001403285653002203299653002303321653002703344653002003371653001303391653002603404653001603430653002503446653001503471100001903486700002103505856013903526       2004                        eng d  a0037-074600aTaphonomic differentiation of Acropora palmata facies in cores from Campeche Bank Reefs, Gulf of México0 aTaphonomic differentiation of Acropora palmata facies in cores f  aOxford, UKbBlackwell Science Ltd  a53-760 v513 aA common assumption in the geological analysis of modern reefs is that coral community zonation seen on the surface should also be found in cores from the reef interior. Such assumptions not only underestimate the impact of tropical storms on reef facies development, but have been difficult to test because of restrictions imposed by narrow‐diameter cores and poor recovery. That assumption is tested here using large‐diameter cores recovered from a range of common zones across three Campeche Bank reefs. It is found that cores from the reef‐front, crest, flat and rubble‐cay zones are similar in texture and coral composition, making it impossible to recognize coral assemblages that reflect the surface zonation. Taphonomic signatures imparted by variations in encrustation, bioerosion and cementation, however, produce distinct facies and delineate a clear depth zonation. Cores from the reef‐front zone (2–10 m depth) are characterized by sections of Acropora palmata cobble gravel interspersed with sections of in‐place (but truncated) A. palmata stumps. Upper surfaces of truncated colonies are intensely bioeroded by traces of Entobia isp. and Gastrochaenolites isp. and encrusted by mm‐thick crustose corallines before colony regeneration and, therefore, indicate punctuated growth resulting from a hurricane‐induced cycle of destruction and regeneration. Cores from the reef crest/flat (0–2 m depth) are also characterized by sections of hurricane‐derived A. palmata cobble‐gravels as well as in‐place A. palmata colonies. In contrast to the reef front, however, these cobble gravels are encrusted by cm‐thick crusts of intergrown coralline algae, low‐relief Homotrema and vermetids, bored by traces of Entobia isp. and Trypanites isp. and coated by a dense, peloidal, micrite cement. Cores from the inter‐ to supratidal rubble‐cay zone (+0–5 m) are only composed of A. palmata cobble gravels and, although clasts show evidence of subtidal encrustation and bioerosion, these always represent processes that occurred before deposition on the cay. Instead, these gravels are distinguished on the basis of their limited bioerosion and marine cements, which exhibit fabrics formed in the intertidal zone. These results confirm that hurricanes have a major influence on facies development in Campeche Bank reefs. Instead of reflecting the surface coral zonation, each facies records a distinctive, depth‐related set of taphonomic processes, which reflect colonization, alteration and stabilization following the production of new substrates by hurricanes.10aAcropora palmata10aASW, Mexico Gulf, Campeche Bank10abioerosion10aCementation10aColonization10aCommunity structure10aElkhorn coral10aEntobia10aFRINGING-REEF10aGEOLOGY10aGRAND-CAYMAN10aGREAT-BARRIER-REEF10aHOLOCENE REEF10aHurricanes10aintertidal environment10aMarine10aPLEISTOCENE CORAL-REEFS10areef crest10areef front10aReefs10aRubble rampart10aSea level10aSEA-LEVEL CHANGES10aSedimentary facies10aSedimentary structures10aSHELF-EDGE-REEF10aST-CROIX10aSTATES-VIRGIN-ISLANDS10ataphofacies10aTropical depressions10aTrypanites1 aBlanchon, Paul1 aPerry, Chris, T.  uhttps://reefichno.myspecies.info/content/taphonomic-differentiation-acropora-palmata-facies-cores-campeche-bank-reefs-gulf-m%C3%A9xico03941nas a2200301   4500008004100000020001400041245012800055210006900183260001600252300001200268490000600280520299100286653001503277653001503292653001203307653001203319653001703331653001103348653001303359653001303372653001603385653001803401653001103419653003103430100002203461700002203483856013403505       1994                        eng d  a0883-135100aOligocene-Miocene extinction and geographic restriction of Caribbean corals; roles of turbidity, temperature, and nutrients0 aOligoceneMiocene extinction and geographic restriction of Caribb  aTULSAbSEPM  a576-5980 v93 aAbout half the Caribbean hermatypic corals died out in the Caribbean during the latest Oligocene through Early Miocene, about 24-16 Ma. The majority of those corals that died out in the Caribbean are extant in the Indo-Pacific, i.e., they suffered geographic restriction, rather than extinction. The coral and coral associate faunas of three Upper Oligocene and three Middle Miocene fossil reefs in western Puerto Rico were compared. Coral genera at these sites suffered 50% regional extinction (extinction or restriction), equivalent to earlier reports of this Caribbean coral extinction/restriction event. Nearly all coral genera tolerant of both turbidity and cool water survived; those tolerant of cool water or turbidity alone survived in much lesser proportions. Corals occurring on both patch reefs and shelf edge reefs survived in much greater proportions than those occurring on only patch reefs or only shelf edge reefs. There are no shelf edge barrier reef complexes documented from the Early or Middle Miocene in the Caribbean; the uppermost Miocene shelf edge reefs of Mona Island are the only known Miocene shelf edge reef deposits in the Caribbean. Coral associates, the endolithic sponges, bivalves, worms, and barnacles that live in coral skeletons, were almost completely unaffected by this event. Likewise, reef and off-reef gastropods, bivalves, and echinoids suffered only insignificant reductions in diversity. Only corals and large benthic foraminifera were strongly affected by the extinction. It is significant that zooxanthellate organisms were the primary victims of this extinction. Miocene endolithic sponge borings are significantly larger than their Oligocene counterparts, suggesting more intense bioerosion on Miocene than Oligocene reefs. Bioerosion is generally correlated with nutrient levels, and the apparently more intense bioerosion of Miocene corals may indicate enhanced nutrient availability on Miocene Caribbean reefs. Extensive Miocene phosphorites throughout the Caribbean indicate enhanced upwelling in the region during the time of the coral extinction/restriction. Biogeographic evidence from corals, coral associates, and molluscs corroborates this pattern, along with the evidence from bioerosion levels. Enhanced upwelling could account for the extinction/restriction by generally increasing nutrient levels and cooling Caribbean costal surface waters, thus restricting reef development to on-shelf patch reefs, where corals would be subject to more intense sedimentation. Modern reefs of the Eastern Pacific may provide a modern analogue to Miocene Caribbean reefs. This regional extinction was important in dividing a previously cosmopolitan reef fauna into several modern provincial faunas. This biogeographic separation was completed in the mid-Pliocene with the rise of the isthmus of Panama. Coral associates, which universally survived the Oligocene-Miocene event, also have much more cosmopolitan distributions than do corals.10abioerosion10aCOSTA-RICA10aGEOLOGY10aISTHMUS10aPALEONTOLOGY10aPANAMA10aPATTERNS10aPliocene10aREEF-CORALS10aSEDIMENTATION10aSTRESS10aTROPICAL AMERICAN MOLLUSKS1 aEdinger, Evan, N.1 aRisk, Michael, J.  uhttps://reefichno.myspecies.info/content/oligocene-miocene-extinction-and-geographic-restriction-caribbean-corals-roles-turbidity