03502nas a2200493   4500008004100000020001400041245009000055210006900145260004600214300001400260490000700274520198900281653002202270653002602292653003002318653001502348653001902363653001602382653002802398653001902426653001102445653001602456653002102472653001902493653001202512653002402524653001902548653002802567653002002595653001002615653002402625653003602649653001502685653001902700653001202719653001402731653002402745100002602769700002702795700001702822700002402839700001702863856012802880       2013                        eng d  a1354-101300aOcean acidification and warming scenarios increase microbioerosion of coral skeletons0 aOcean acidification and warming scenarios increase microbioerosi  aEnglandbWiley Subscription Services, Inc  a1919-19290 v193 aBiological mediation of carbonate dissolution represents a fundamental component of the destructive forces acting on coral reef ecosystems. Whereas ocean acidification can increase dissolution of carbonate substrates, the combined impact of ocean acidification and warming on the microbioerosion of coral skeletons remains unknown. Here, we exposed skeletons of the reef-building corals, Porites cylindrica and Isopora cuneata, to present-day (Control: 400 μatm - 24 °C) and future pCO2 -temperature scenarios projected for the end of the century (Medium: +230 μatm - +2 °C; High: +610 μatm - +4 °C). Skeletons were also subjected to permanent darkness with initial sodium hypochlorite incubation, and natural light without sodium hypochlorite incubation to isolate the environmental effect of acidic seawater (i.e., Ωaragonite <1) from the biological effect of photosynthetic microborers. Our results indicated that skeletal dissolution is predominantly driven by photosynthetic microborers, as samples held in the dark did not decalcify. In contrast, dissolution of skeletons exposed to light increased under elevated pCO2 -temperature scenarios, with P. cylindrica experiencing higher dissolution rates per month (89%) than I. cuneata (46%) in the high treatment relative to control. The effects of future pCO2 -temperature scenarios on the structure of endolithic communities were only identified in P. cylindrica and were mostly associated with a higher abundance of the green algae Ostreobium spp. Enhanced skeletal dissolution was also associated with increased endolithic biomass and respiration under elevated pCO2 -temperature scenarios. Our results suggest that future projections of ocean acidification and warming will lead to increased rates of microbioerosion. However, the magnitude of bioerosion responses may depend on the structural properties of coral skeletons, with a range of implications for reef carbonate losses under warmer and more acidic oceans.10aAcids - chemistry10aAnthozoa - metabolism10aAutomated teller machines10aCarbonates10aClimate change10acoral reefs10aCoral reefs and islands10acoral skeleton10aCorals10aDissolution10aENDOLITHIC ALGAE10aGlobal warming10aIsopora10aMarine conservation10aMarine Ecology10aMicroalgae - metabolism10aMicrobioerosion10aOcean10aocean acidification10aocean acidification and warming10aOstreobium10aPhotosynthesis10aPORITES10aSea-water10aSodium hypochlorite1 aReyes-Nivia, Catalina1 aDiaz-Pulido, Guillermo1 aKline, David1 aGuldberg, Ove-Hoegh1 aDove, Sophie  uhttps://reefichno.myspecies.info/content/ocean-acidification-and-warming-scenarios-increase-microbioerosion-coral-skeletons03005nas a2200397   4500008004100000020001400041245008700055210006900142260004600211300001400257490000700271520175100278653001802029653003102047653001502078653001902093653002602112653001902138653001602157653003102173653001902204653001802223653001002241653002202251653001002273653001202283653001502295653001602310100002302326700003302349700003302382700002102415700002602436700001702462856012802479       2013                        eng d  a1354-101300aSponge biomass and bioerosion rates increase under ocean warming and acidification0 aSponge biomass and bioerosion rates increase under ocean warming  aEnglandbWiley Subscription Services, Inc  a3581-35910 v193 aThe combination of ocean warming and acidification as a result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) is considered to be a significant threat to calcifying organisms and their activities on coral reefs. How these global changes impact the important roles of decalcifying organisms (bioeroders) in the regulation of carbonate budgets, however, is less understood. To address this important question, the effects of a range of past, present and future CO 2 emission scenarios (temperature + acidification) on the excavating sponge Cliona orientalis Thiele, 1900 were explored over 12 weeks in early summer on the southern Great Barrier Reef. C. orientalis is a widely distributed bioeroder on many reefs, and hosts symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium . Our results showed that biomass production and bioerosion rates of C. orientalis were similar under a pre‐industrial scenario and a present day (control) scenario. S ymbiodinium population density in the sponge tissue was the highest under the pre‐industrial scenario, and decreased towards the two future scenarios with sponge replicates under the ‘business‐as‐usual’ CO 2 emission scenario exhibiting strong bleaching. Despite these changes, biomass production and the ability of the sponge to erode coral carbonate materials both increased under the future scenarios. Our study suggests that C. orientalis will likely grow faster and have higher bioerosion rates in a high CO 2 future than at present, even with significant bleaching. Assuming that our findings hold for excavating sponges in general, increased sponge biomass coupled with accelerated bioerosion may push coral reefs towards net erosion and negative carbonate budgets in the future.10aAcidification10aAtmospheric carbon dioxide10abioerosion10acarbon dioxide10aChemical oceanography10aClimate change10acoral reefs10aGlobal temperature changes10aGlobal warming10ainvertebrates10aOcean10aOcean temperature10aReefs10aSponges10aStatistics10atemperature1 aFang, James, K. H.1 aMello‐Athayde, Matheus, A.1 aSchönberg, Christine, H. L.1 aKline, David, I.1 aHoegh‐Guldberg, Ove1 aDove, Sophie  uhttps://reefichno.myspecies.info/content/sponge-biomass-and-bioerosion-rates-increase-under-ocean-warming-and-acidification02613nas a2200253   4500008004100000020001400041245009100055210006900146260003700215300001200252490000700264520176100271653001502032653001202047653002302059653002302082653001302105100002302118700003302141700002102174700002602195700001702221856012102238       2013                        eng d  a0173-956500aMethods to quantify components of the excavating sponge Cliona orientalis Thiele, 19000 aMethods to quantify components of the excavating sponge Cliona o  bWiley Subscription Services, Inc  a193-2060 v343 aThis study applied the loss after combustion ( LAC ) method and the acid decalcification ( ADC ) method to quantify different components of an excavating sponge. Samples of dried coral skeleton of F avia sp. invaded by the I ndo‐ P acific excavating sponge C liona orientalis Thiele, 1900 were used. The sponge tissue penetrated the 12‐mm‐thick samples to approximately 10 mm. The average proportional weight of organic matter, siliceous spicules, calcareous substrate and salts in the entire samples was found to be respectively 2.5%, 4.4%, 90.5% and 2.5% of dry weight applying the LAC method, and 2.9%, 5.9%, 89.0% and 2.3% of dry weight applying the ADC method. Respective volumetric proportions of the organic matter, spicules, substrate and salts were then calculated to be 6.4%, 5.5%, 85.2% and 3.0% of volume with the LAC method, and 7.4%, 7.2%, 82.7% and 2.7% of volume with the ADC method. The LAC method showed low variability of data and is simple and fast and therefore is recommended. The ADC method generated very similar results to the LAC method. However, due to the handling involved in the ADC method, more than half of the spicules may be lost and the method is therefore not recommended unless careful data corrections are considered. In addition, the buoyant weight method was used to quantify actual substrate weight in the fresh sponge‐substrate samples. This method was found to be at least 97% effective, revealing that buoyant weights can potentially be used to quantify bioerosion rates of excavating sponges. To our knowledge, this is the first study to systemically quantify organic and inorganic components of an excavating sponge and its calcareous substrate, providing improved standard methods for future studies.10abioerosion10abiomass10acomponent analysis10aexcavating sponges10aspicules1 aFang, James, K. H.1 aSchönberg, Christine, H. L.1 aKline, David, I.1 aHoegh‐Guldberg, Ove1 aDove, Sophie  uhttps://reefichno.myspecies.info/content/methods-quantify-components-excavating-sponge-cliona-orientalis-thiele-190003074nas a2200325   4500008004100000020001400041245009200055210006900147260004600216300001400262490000700276520205900283653001802342653001502360653001902375653000902394653001102403653000902414653002202423653001902445653001102464653001202475653001602487100002302503700003302526700003102559700002402590700001702614856011702631       2014                        eng d  a1354-101300aEffects of ocean warming and acidification on the energy budget of an excavating sponge0 aEffects of ocean warming and acidification on the energy budget   aEnglandbWiley Subscription Services, Inc  a1043-10540 v203 aRecent research efforts have demonstrated increased bioerosion rates under experimentally elevated partial pressures of seawater carbon dioxide (pCO2 ) with or without increased temperatures, which may lead to net erosion on coral reefs in the future. However, this conclusion clearly depends on the ability of the investigated bioeroding organisms to survive and grow in the warmer and more acidic future environments, which remains unexplored. The excavating sponge Cliona orientalis Thiele, is a widely distributed bioeroding organism and symbiotic with dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium. Using C. orientalis, an energy budget model was developed to calculate amounts of carbon directed into metabolic maintenance and growth. This model was tested under a range of CO2 emission scenarios (temperature + pCO2 ) appropriate to an Austral early summer. Under a pre-industrial scenario, present day (control) scenario, or B1 future scenario (associated with reducing the rate of CO2 emissions over the next few decades), C. orientalis maintained a positive energy budget, where metabolic demand was likely satisfied by autotrophic carbon provided by Symbiodinium and heterotrophic carbon via filter-feeding, suggesting sustainability. Under B1, C. orientalis likely benefited by a greater supply of photosynthetic products from its symbionts, which increased by up to 56% per unit area, and displayed an improved condition with up to 52% increased surplus carbon available for growth. Under an A1FI future scenario (associated with 'business-as-usual' CO2 emissions) bleached C. orientalis experienced the highest metabolic demand, but carbon acquired was insufficient to maintain the sponge, as indicated by a negative energy budget. These metabolic considerations suggest that previous observations of increased bioerosion under A1FI by C. orientalis may not last through the height of future A1FI summers, and survival of individual sponges may be dependent on the energy reserves (biomass) they have accumulated through the rest of the year.10aAcidification10abioerosion10acarbon balance10aCHAR10aCorals10aCZAR10aEnergy efficiency10aGlobal warming10aOceans10aSponges10atemperature1 aFang, James, K. H.1 aSchönberg, Christine, H. L.1 aMello-Athayde, Matheus, A.1 aHoegh-Guldberg, Ove1 aDove, Sophie  uhttps://reefichno.myspecies.info/content/effects-ocean-warming-and-acidification-energy-budget-excavating-sponge