@article {82,
	title = {Response of Mediterranean coralline algae to ocean acidification and elevated temperature},
	journal = {Global Change BiologyGlobal Change Biology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	note = {http://DD8GH5YX7K.search.serialssolutions.com?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Response+of+Mediterranean+coralline+algae+to+ocean+acidification+and+elevated+temperature\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Martin\%2C+Sophie\&rft.au=Gattuso\%2C+Jean-Pierre\&rft.date=2009-08-01\&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=15\&rft.issue=8\&rft.spage=2089\&rft.externalDBID=n\%2Fa\&rft.externalDocID=202853632\&paramdict=en-UShttp://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu; U6 - ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Response+of+Mediterranean+coralline+algae+to+ocean+acidification+and+elevated+temperature\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Martin\%2C+Sophie\&rft.au=Gattuso\%2C+Jean-Pierre\&rft.date=2009-08-01\&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=15\&rft.issue=8\&rft.spage=2089\&rft.externalDBID=n\%2Fa\&rft.externalDocID=202853632\&paramdict=en-US U7 - Journal Article U8 - FETCH-LOGICAL-c1828-680f3695c39fbe10f77e027fda95f02c750f1c3384b6289afc6fb34f5727178c1[]},
	pages = {2089},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishers Ltd},
	address = {Oxford},
	abstract = {The effects of elevated partial pressure of CO2 ( p CO2) and temperature, alone and in combination, on survival, calcification and dissolution were investigated in the crustose coralline alga Lithophyllum cabiochae . Algae were maintained in aquaria during 1 year at near-ambient conditions of irradiance, at ambient or elevated temperature (+3 {\textdegree}C) and at ambient [ca. 400 parts per million (ppm)] or elevated p CO2 (ca. 700 ppm). Algal necroses appeared at the end of summer under elevated temperature first at 700 ppm (60\% of the thallus surface) and then at 400 ppm (30\%). The death of algae was observed only under elevated temperature and was two- to threefold higher under elevated p CO2. During the first month of the experiment, net calcification was significantly reduced under elevated p CO2. At the end of the summer period, net calcification decreased by 50\% when both temperature and p CO2 were elevated while no effect was found under elevated temperature and elevated p CO2 alone. In autumn and winter, net calcification in healthy algae increased with increasing temperature, independently of the p CO2 level, while necroses and death in the algal population caused a net dissolution at elevated temperature and p CO2. The dissolution of dead algal thalli was affected by elevated p CO2, being two- to fourfold higher than under ambient p CO2. These results suggest that net dissolution is likely to exceed net calcification in L. cabiochae by the end of this century. This could have major consequences in terms of biodiversity and biogeochemistry in coralligenous communities dominated by these algae. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
	keywords = {algae, Aquatic ecosystems, Biogeochemistry, carbon dioxide, Climate change, GEOLOGY, Global warming, Greenhouse gases, Ocean, Survival analysis, temperature, Water acidification},
	isbn = {1354-1013},
	author = {Sophie, Martin and Jean-Pierre, Gattuso}
}
@article {86,
	title = {Ocean acidification and warming scenarios increase microbioerosion of coral skeletons},
	journal = {Global Change BiologyGlobal Change Biology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {6},
	year = {2013},
	note = {http://DD8GH5YX7K.search.serialssolutions.com?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Ocean+acidification+and+warming+scenarios+increase+microbioerosion+of+coral+skeletons\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Reyes\%E2\%80\%90Nivia\%2C+Catalina\&rft.au=Diaz\%E2\%80\%90Pulido\%2C+Guillermo\&rft.au=Kline\%2C+David\&rft.au=Guldberg\%2C+Ove\%E2\%80\%90Hoegh\&rft.date=2013-06-01\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=19\&rft.issue=6\&rft.spage=1919\&rft.epage=1929\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fgcb.12158\&rft.externalDocID=GCB12158\&paramdict=en-UShttp://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu; U6 - ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Ocean+acidification+and+warming+scenarios+increase+microbioerosion+of+coral+skeletons\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Reyes\%E2\%80\%90Nivia\%2C+Catalina\&rft.au=Diaz\%E2\%80\%90Pulido\%2C+Guillermo\&rft.au=Kline\%2C+David\&rft.au=Guldberg\%2C+Ove\%E2\%80\%90Hoegh\&rft.date=2013-06-01\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=19\&rft.issue=6\&rft.spage=1919\&rft.epage=1929\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fgcb.12158\&rft.externalDocID=GCB12158\&paramdict=en-US U7 - Journal Article U8 - FETCH-LOGICAL-e3718-c2292533300d71e585a0ea010a6d3c143410d488e1317a3560d623befcd413091[]},
	pages = {1919-1929},
	publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {Biological mediation of carbonate dissolution represents a fundamental component of the destructive forces acting on coral reef ecosystems. Whereas ocean acidification can increase dissolution of carbonate substrates, the combined impact of ocean acidification and warming on the microbioerosion of coral skeletons remains unknown. Here, we exposed skeletons of the reef-building corals, Porites cylindrica and Isopora cuneata, to present-day (Control: 400 μatm - 24~{\textdegree}C) and future pCO2 -temperature scenarios projected for the end of the century (Medium: +230 μatm - +2~{\textdegree}C; High: +610 μatm - +4~{\textdegree}C). Skeletons were also subjected to permanent darkness with initial sodium hypochlorite incubation, and natural light without sodium hypochlorite incubation to isolate the environmental effect of acidic seawater (i.e., Ωaragonite <1) from the biological effect of photosynthetic microborers. Our results indicated that skeletal dissolution is predominantly driven by photosynthetic microborers, as samples held in the dark did not decalcify. In contrast, dissolution of skeletons exposed to light increased under elevated pCO2 -temperature scenarios, with P. cylindrica experiencing higher dissolution rates per month (89\%) than I. cuneata (46\%) in the high treatment relative to control. The effects of future pCO2 -temperature scenarios on the structure of endolithic communities were only identified in P. cylindrica and were mostly associated with a higher abundance of the green algae Ostreobium spp. Enhanced skeletal dissolution was also associated with increased endolithic biomass and respiration under elevated pCO2 -temperature scenarios. Our results suggest that future projections of ocean acidification and warming will lead to increased rates of microbioerosion. However, the magnitude of bioerosion responses may depend on the structural properties of coral skeletons, with a range of implications for reef carbonate losses under warmer and more acidic oceans.},
	keywords = {Acids - chemistry, Anthozoa - metabolism, Automated teller machines, Carbonates, Climate change, coral reefs, Coral reefs and islands, coral skeleton, Corals, Dissolution, ENDOLITHIC ALGAE, Global warming, Isopora, Marine conservation, Marine Ecology, Microalgae - metabolism, Microbioerosion, Ocean, ocean acidification, ocean acidification and warming, Ostreobium, Photosynthesis, PORITES, Sea-water, Sodium hypochlorite},
	isbn = {1354-1013},
	author = {Reyes-Nivia, Catalina and Diaz-Pulido, Guillermo and Kline, David and Guldberg, Ove-Hoegh and Dove, Sophie}
}
@article {57,
	title = {Sponge biomass and bioerosion rates increase under ocean warming and acidification},
	journal = {Global Change BiologyGlobal Change Biology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {12},
	year = {2013},
	note = {http://DD8GH5YX7K.search.serialssolutions.com?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Sponge+biomass+and+bioerosion+rates+increase+under+ocean+warming+and+acidification\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Fang\%2C+James+K.+H\&rft.au=Mello\%E2\%80\%90Athayde\%2C+Matheus+A\&rft.au=Sch\%C3\%B6nberg\%2C+Christine+H.+L\&rft.au=Kline\%2C+David+I\&rft.date=2013-12-01\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=19\&rft.issue=12\&rft.spage=3581\&rft.epage=3591\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fgcb.12334\&rft.externalDocID=GCB12334\&paramdict=en-UShttp://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu; U6 - ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Sponge+biomass+and+bioerosion+rates+increase+under+ocean+warming+and+acidification\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Fang\%2C+James+K.+H\&rft.au=Mello\%E2\%80\%90Athayde\%2C+Matheus+A\&rft.au=Sch\%C3\%B6nberg\%2C+Christine+H.+L\&rft.au=Kline\%2C+David+I\&rft.date=2013-12-01\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=19\&rft.issue=12\&rft.spage=3581\&rft.epage=3591\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fgcb.12334\&rft.externalDocID=GCB12334\&paramdict=en-US U7 - Journal Article U8 - FETCH-LOGICAL-e1974-558bc69b3ac554eca4aed45ef1777ec9fef4ef1c7e6fcf77d22fbe4c87d4dd581[]},
	pages = {3581-3591},
	publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {The combination of ocean warming and acidification as a result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) is considered to be a significant threat to calcifying organisms and their activities on coral reefs. How these global changes impact the important roles of decalcifying organisms (bioeroders) in the regulation of carbonate budgets, however, is less understood. To address this important question, the effects of a range of past, present and future CO 2 emission scenarios (temperature~+~acidification) on the excavating sponge Cliona orientalis Thiele, 1900 were explored over 12~weeks in early summer on the southern Great Barrier Reef. C. orientalis is a widely distributed bioeroder on many reefs, and hosts symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium . Our results showed that biomass production and bioerosion rates of C. orientalis were similar under a pre-industrial scenario and a present day (control) scenario. S ymbiodinium population density in the sponge tissue was the highest under the pre-industrial scenario, and decreased towards the two future scenarios with sponge replicates under the {\textquoteleft}business-as-usual{\textquoteright} CO 2 emission scenario exhibiting strong bleaching. Despite these changes, biomass production and the ability of the sponge to erode coral carbonate materials both increased under the future scenarios. Our study suggests that C. orientalis will likely grow faster and have higher bioerosion rates in a high CO 2 future than at present, even with significant bleaching. Assuming that our findings hold for excavating sponges in general, increased sponge biomass coupled with accelerated bioerosion may push coral reefs towards net erosion and negative carbonate budgets in the future.},
	keywords = {Acidification, Atmospheric carbon dioxide, bioerosion, carbon dioxide, Chemical oceanography, Climate change, coral reefs, Global temperature changes, Global warming, invertebrates, Ocean, Ocean temperature, Reefs, Sponges, Statistics, temperature},
	isbn = {1354-1013},
	author = {Fang, James K. H. and Mello-Athayde, Matheus A. and Sch{\"o}nberg, Christine H. L. and Kline, David I. and Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove and Dove, Sophie}
}
@article {60,
	title = {Effects of ocean warming and acidification on the energy budget of an excavating sponge},
	journal = {Global Change BiologyGlobal Change Biology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	note = {http://DD8GH5YX7K.search.serialssolutions.com?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Effects+of+ocean+warming+and+acidification+on+the+energy+budget+of+an+excavating+sponge\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Fang\%2C+James+K.+H\&rft.au=Sch\%C3\%B6nberg\%2C+Christine+H.+L\&rft.au=Mello\%E2\%80\%90Athayde\%2C+Matheus+A\&rft.au=Hoegh\%E2\%80\%90Guldberg\%2C+Ove\&rft.date=2014-04-01\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=20\&rft.issue=4\&rft.spage=1043\&rft.epage=1054\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fgcb.12369\&rft.externalDocID=GCB12369\&paramdict=en-UShttp://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu; U6 - ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Effects+of+ocean+warming+and+acidification+on+the+energy+budget+of+an+excavating+sponge\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Fang\%2C+James+K.+H\&rft.au=Sch\%C3\%B6nberg\%2C+Christine+H.+L\&rft.au=Mello\%E2\%80\%90Athayde\%2C+Matheus+A\&rft.au=Hoegh\%E2\%80\%90Guldberg\%2C+Ove\&rft.date=2014-04-01\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=20\&rft.issue=4\&rft.spage=1043\&rft.epage=1054\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fgcb.12369\&rft.externalDocID=GCB12369\&paramdict=en-US U7 - Journal Article U8 - FETCH-LOGICAL-c2319-3785c45823b6caf2d09adc28ba2298124bca4c60e95e76ac29e639525d1234bb1[]},
	pages = {1043-1054},
	publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {Recent research efforts have demonstrated increased bioerosion rates under experimentally elevated partial pressures of seawater carbon dioxide (pCO2 ) with or without increased temperatures, which may lead to net erosion on coral reefs in the future. However, this conclusion clearly depends on the ability of the investigated bioeroding organisms to survive and grow in the warmer and more acidic future environments, which remains unexplored. The excavating sponge Cliona orientalis Thiele, is a widely distributed bioeroding organism and symbiotic with dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium. Using C. orientalis, an energy budget model was developed to calculate amounts of carbon directed into metabolic maintenance and growth. This model was tested under a range of CO2 emission scenarios (temperature~+~pCO2 ) appropriate to an Austral early summer. Under a pre-industrial scenario, present day (control) scenario, or B1 future scenario (associated with reducing the rate of CO2 emissions over the next few decades), C. orientalis maintained a positive energy budget, where metabolic demand was likely satisfied by autotrophic carbon provided by Symbiodinium and heterotrophic carbon via filter-feeding, suggesting sustainability. Under B1, C. orientalis likely benefited by a greater supply of photosynthetic products from its symbionts, which increased by up to 56\% per unit area, and displayed an improved condition with up to 52\% increased surplus carbon available for growth. Under an A1FI future scenario (associated with {\textquoteright}business-as-usual{\textquoteright} CO2 emissions) bleached C. orientalis experienced the highest metabolic demand, but carbon acquired was insufficient to maintain the sponge, as indicated by a negative energy budget. These metabolic considerations suggest that previous observations of increased bioerosion under A1FI by C. orientalis may not last through the height of future A1FI summers, and survival of individual sponges may be dependent on the energy reserves (biomass) they have accumulated through the rest of the year.},
	keywords = {Acidification, bioerosion, carbon balance, CHAR, Corals, CZAR, Energy efficiency, Global warming, Oceans, Sponges, temperature},
	isbn = {1354-1013},
	author = {Fang, James K. H. and Sch{\"o}nberg, Christine H. L. and Mello-Athayde, Matheus A. and Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove and Dove, Sophie}
}
