@article {82,
	title = {Response of Mediterranean coralline algae to ocean acidification and elevated temperature},
	journal = {Global Change BiologyGlobal Change Biology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	note = {http://DD8GH5YX7K.search.serialssolutions.com?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Response+of+Mediterranean+coralline+algae+to+ocean+acidification+and+elevated+temperature\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Martin\%2C+Sophie\&rft.au=Gattuso\%2C+Jean-Pierre\&rft.date=2009-08-01\&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=15\&rft.issue=8\&rft.spage=2089\&rft.externalDBID=n\%2Fa\&rft.externalDocID=202853632\&paramdict=en-UShttp://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu; U6 - ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Response+of+Mediterranean+coralline+algae+to+ocean+acidification+and+elevated+temperature\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Martin\%2C+Sophie\&rft.au=Gattuso\%2C+Jean-Pierre\&rft.date=2009-08-01\&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=15\&rft.issue=8\&rft.spage=2089\&rft.externalDBID=n\%2Fa\&rft.externalDocID=202853632\&paramdict=en-US U7 - Journal Article U8 - FETCH-LOGICAL-c1828-680f3695c39fbe10f77e027fda95f02c750f1c3384b6289afc6fb34f5727178c1[]},
	pages = {2089},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishers Ltd},
	address = {Oxford},
	abstract = {The effects of elevated partial pressure of CO2 ( p CO2) and temperature, alone and in combination, on survival, calcification and dissolution were investigated in the crustose coralline alga Lithophyllum cabiochae . Algae were maintained in aquaria during 1 year at near-ambient conditions of irradiance, at ambient or elevated temperature (+3 {\textdegree}C) and at ambient [ca. 400 parts per million (ppm)] or elevated p CO2 (ca. 700 ppm). Algal necroses appeared at the end of summer under elevated temperature first at 700 ppm (60\% of the thallus surface) and then at 400 ppm (30\%). The death of algae was observed only under elevated temperature and was two- to threefold higher under elevated p CO2. During the first month of the experiment, net calcification was significantly reduced under elevated p CO2. At the end of the summer period, net calcification decreased by 50\% when both temperature and p CO2 were elevated while no effect was found under elevated temperature and elevated p CO2 alone. In autumn and winter, net calcification in healthy algae increased with increasing temperature, independently of the p CO2 level, while necroses and death in the algal population caused a net dissolution at elevated temperature and p CO2. The dissolution of dead algal thalli was affected by elevated p CO2, being two- to fourfold higher than under ambient p CO2. These results suggest that net dissolution is likely to exceed net calcification in L. cabiochae by the end of this century. This could have major consequences in terms of biodiversity and biogeochemistry in coralligenous communities dominated by these algae. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
	keywords = {algae, Aquatic ecosystems, Biogeochemistry, carbon dioxide, Climate change, GEOLOGY, Global warming, Greenhouse gases, Ocean, Survival analysis, temperature, Water acidification},
	isbn = {1354-1013},
	author = {Sophie, Martin and Jean-Pierre, Gattuso}
}
@article {46,
	title = {Beyond corals and fish: the effects of climate change on noncoral benthic invertebrates of tropical reefs},
	journal = {Global Change BiologyGlobal Change Biology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {12},
	year = {2008},
	note = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&SrcAuth=SerialsSolutions\&SrcApp=Summon\&KeyUT=000261061000001\&DestLinkType=FullRecord\&DestApp=WOShttp://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu; U6 - ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Beyond+corals+and+fish\%3A+The+effects+of+climate+change+on+noncoral+benthic+invertebrates+of+tropical+reefs\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Przeslawski\%2C+Rachel\&rft.au=Ahyong\%2C+Shane\&rft.au=Byrne\%2C+Maria\&rft.au=W\%C3\%B6rheide\%2C+Gert\&rft.date=2008\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=14\&rft.issue=12\&rft.spage=2773\&rft.epage=2795\&rft.externalDBID=n\%2Fa\&rft.externalDocID=352704252\&paramdict=en-US U7 - Journal Article U8 - FETCH-LOGICAL-c2143-710b3c551f549fc3697a0151022511ce0f98b39c51d787f7ab2e3ab2b9a2a05c1[]},
	pages = {2773-2795},
	publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
	address = {Oxford, UK},
	abstract = {Climate change is threatening tropical reefs across the world, with most scientists agreeing that the current changes in climate conditions are occurring at a much faster rate than in the past and are potentially beyond the capacity of reefs to adapt and recover. Current research in tropical ecosystems focuses largely on corals and fishes, although other benthic marine invertebrates provide crucial services to reef systems, with roles in nutrient cycling, water quality regulation, and herbivory. We review available information on the effects of environmental conditions associated with climate change on noncoral tropical benthic invertebrates, including inferences from modern and fossil records. Increasing sea surface temperatures may decrease survivorship and increase the developmental rate, as well as alter the timing of gonad development, spawning, and food availability. The broad latitudinal distribution and associated temperature ranges of several pantropical taxa suggest that some reef communities may have an in-built adaptive capacity. Tropical benthic invertebrates will also show species-specific sublethal and lethal responses to sea-level rise, ocean acidification, physical disturbance, runoff, turbidity, sedimentation, and changes in ocean circulation. In order to accurately predict a species{\textquoteright} response to these stressors, we must consider the magnitude and duration of exposure to each stressor, as well as the physiology, mobility, and habitat requirements of the species. Stressors will not act independently, and many organisms will be exposed to multiple stressors concurrently, including anthropogenic stressors. Environmental changes associated with climate change are linked to larger ecological processes, including changes in larval dispersal and recruitment success, shifts in community structure and range extensions, and the establishment and spread of invasive species. Loss of some species will trigger economic losses and negative effects on ecosystem function. Our review is intended to create a framework with which to predict the vulnerability of benthic invertebrates to the stressors associated with climate change, as well as their adaptive capacity. We anticipate that this review will assist scientists, managers, and policy-makers to better develop and implement regional research and management strategies, based on observed and predicted changes in environmental conditions.},
	keywords = {Acidification, adaptability, anthropogenic factors, Aquatic life, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, Caribbean, Climate change, Climatic changes, Community composition, coral reefs, Corals, Currents, ECOLOGY, Economics, Ecosystems, Environmental conditions, Environmental impact, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE, Great Barrier Reef, GREAT-BARRIER-REEF, Habitat loss, herbivory, HOLOTHURIA HALODEIMA ATRA, Impact analysis, INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY, Invasive species, Invertebrata, invertebrates, Larvae, MARINE-INVERTEBRATES, MOLLUSCAN ASSEMBLAGES, ocean acidification, Oceanic circulation, Oceans, ONE TREE REEF, Physiology, RED-SEA, Reefs, reproduction, Reviews, ROCKY SHORE, Salinity, Sea level, Sea level rise, SEDIMENTATION, spawning, STICHOPUS-CHLORONOTUS, temperature, Temperature effects, Tropical invertebrates, Turbidity, Water quality, Zoobenthos},
	isbn = {1365-2486, 1354-1013},
	author = {Przeslawski, Rachel and Ahyong, Shane and Byrne, Maria and W{\"O}Rheide, Gert and Hutchings, P. A. T.}
}
@article {57,
	title = {Sponge biomass and bioerosion rates increase under ocean warming and acidification},
	journal = {Global Change BiologyGlobal Change Biology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {12},
	year = {2013},
	note = {http://DD8GH5YX7K.search.serialssolutions.com?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Sponge+biomass+and+bioerosion+rates+increase+under+ocean+warming+and+acidification\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Fang\%2C+James+K.+H\&rft.au=Mello\%E2\%80\%90Athayde\%2C+Matheus+A\&rft.au=Sch\%C3\%B6nberg\%2C+Christine+H.+L\&rft.au=Kline\%2C+David+I\&rft.date=2013-12-01\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=19\&rft.issue=12\&rft.spage=3581\&rft.epage=3591\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fgcb.12334\&rft.externalDocID=GCB12334\&paramdict=en-UShttp://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu; U6 - ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Sponge+biomass+and+bioerosion+rates+increase+under+ocean+warming+and+acidification\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Fang\%2C+James+K.+H\&rft.au=Mello\%E2\%80\%90Athayde\%2C+Matheus+A\&rft.au=Sch\%C3\%B6nberg\%2C+Christine+H.+L\&rft.au=Kline\%2C+David+I\&rft.date=2013-12-01\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=19\&rft.issue=12\&rft.spage=3581\&rft.epage=3591\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fgcb.12334\&rft.externalDocID=GCB12334\&paramdict=en-US U7 - Journal Article U8 - FETCH-LOGICAL-e1974-558bc69b3ac554eca4aed45ef1777ec9fef4ef1c7e6fcf77d22fbe4c87d4dd581[]},
	pages = {3581-3591},
	publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {The combination of ocean warming and acidification as a result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) is considered to be a significant threat to calcifying organisms and their activities on coral reefs. How these global changes impact the important roles of decalcifying organisms (bioeroders) in the regulation of carbonate budgets, however, is less understood. To address this important question, the effects of a range of past, present and future CO 2 emission scenarios (temperature~+~acidification) on the excavating sponge Cliona orientalis Thiele, 1900 were explored over 12~weeks in early summer on the southern Great Barrier Reef. C. orientalis is a widely distributed bioeroder on many reefs, and hosts symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium . Our results showed that biomass production and bioerosion rates of C. orientalis were similar under a pre-industrial scenario and a present day (control) scenario. S ymbiodinium population density in the sponge tissue was the highest under the pre-industrial scenario, and decreased towards the two future scenarios with sponge replicates under the {\textquoteleft}business-as-usual{\textquoteright} CO 2 emission scenario exhibiting strong bleaching. Despite these changes, biomass production and the ability of the sponge to erode coral carbonate materials both increased under the future scenarios. Our study suggests that C. orientalis will likely grow faster and have higher bioerosion rates in a high CO 2 future than at present, even with significant bleaching. Assuming that our findings hold for excavating sponges in general, increased sponge biomass coupled with accelerated bioerosion may push coral reefs towards net erosion and negative carbonate budgets in the future.},
	keywords = {Acidification, Atmospheric carbon dioxide, bioerosion, carbon dioxide, Chemical oceanography, Climate change, coral reefs, Global temperature changes, Global warming, invertebrates, Ocean, Ocean temperature, Reefs, Sponges, Statistics, temperature},
	isbn = {1354-1013},
	author = {Fang, James K. H. and Mello-Athayde, Matheus A. and Sch{\"o}nberg, Christine H. L. and Kline, David I. and Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove and Dove, Sophie}
}
@article {60,
	title = {Effects of ocean warming and acidification on the energy budget of an excavating sponge},
	journal = {Global Change BiologyGlobal Change Biology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	note = {http://DD8GH5YX7K.search.serialssolutions.com?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Effects+of+ocean+warming+and+acidification+on+the+energy+budget+of+an+excavating+sponge\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Fang\%2C+James+K.+H\&rft.au=Sch\%C3\%B6nberg\%2C+Christine+H.+L\&rft.au=Mello\%E2\%80\%90Athayde\%2C+Matheus+A\&rft.au=Hoegh\%E2\%80\%90Guldberg\%2C+Ove\&rft.date=2014-04-01\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=20\&rft.issue=4\&rft.spage=1043\&rft.epage=1054\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fgcb.12369\&rft.externalDocID=GCB12369\&paramdict=en-UShttp://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu; U6 - ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Effects+of+ocean+warming+and+acidification+on+the+energy+budget+of+an+excavating+sponge\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Fang\%2C+James+K.+H\&rft.au=Sch\%C3\%B6nberg\%2C+Christine+H.+L\&rft.au=Mello\%E2\%80\%90Athayde\%2C+Matheus+A\&rft.au=Hoegh\%E2\%80\%90Guldberg\%2C+Ove\&rft.date=2014-04-01\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=20\&rft.issue=4\&rft.spage=1043\&rft.epage=1054\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fgcb.12369\&rft.externalDocID=GCB12369\&paramdict=en-US U7 - Journal Article U8 - FETCH-LOGICAL-c2319-3785c45823b6caf2d09adc28ba2298124bca4c60e95e76ac29e639525d1234bb1[]},
	pages = {1043-1054},
	publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {Recent research efforts have demonstrated increased bioerosion rates under experimentally elevated partial pressures of seawater carbon dioxide (pCO2 ) with or without increased temperatures, which may lead to net erosion on coral reefs in the future. However, this conclusion clearly depends on the ability of the investigated bioeroding organisms to survive and grow in the warmer and more acidic future environments, which remains unexplored. The excavating sponge Cliona orientalis Thiele, is a widely distributed bioeroding organism and symbiotic with dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium. Using C. orientalis, an energy budget model was developed to calculate amounts of carbon directed into metabolic maintenance and growth. This model was tested under a range of CO2 emission scenarios (temperature~+~pCO2 ) appropriate to an Austral early summer. Under a pre-industrial scenario, present day (control) scenario, or B1 future scenario (associated with reducing the rate of CO2 emissions over the next few decades), C. orientalis maintained a positive energy budget, where metabolic demand was likely satisfied by autotrophic carbon provided by Symbiodinium and heterotrophic carbon via filter-feeding, suggesting sustainability. Under B1, C. orientalis likely benefited by a greater supply of photosynthetic products from its symbionts, which increased by up to 56\% per unit area, and displayed an improved condition with up to 52\% increased surplus carbon available for growth. Under an A1FI future scenario (associated with {\textquoteright}business-as-usual{\textquoteright} CO2 emissions) bleached C. orientalis experienced the highest metabolic demand, but carbon acquired was insufficient to maintain the sponge, as indicated by a negative energy budget. These metabolic considerations suggest that previous observations of increased bioerosion under A1FI by C. orientalis may not last through the height of future A1FI summers, and survival of individual sponges may be dependent on the energy reserves (biomass) they have accumulated through the rest of the year.},
	keywords = {Acidification, bioerosion, carbon balance, CHAR, Corals, CZAR, Energy efficiency, Global warming, Oceans, Sponges, temperature},
	isbn = {1354-1013},
	author = {Fang, James K. H. and Sch{\"o}nberg, Christine H. L. and Mello-Athayde, Matheus A. and Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove and Dove, Sophie}
}
