01529nas a2200253   4500008004100000245010400041210006900145300001000214490000600224520072100230653001500951653002100966653001600987653001201003653001101015653000801026653001901034653001601053653001301069653001801082100002001100700002101120856013401141       1990                        eng d00aComparative analysis of bioerosion in deep and shallow water, Pliocene to recent, Mediterranean Sea0 aComparative analysis of bioerosion in deep and shallow water Pli  a43-490 v13 aBioerosion by macroborers in recent and fossil coral material from deep-sea environments, analyzed ichnologically, exhibits several noteworthy trends. Sponge borings/Entobia dominate all samples. Stenomorphism of sponge borings in these restricted substrates causes some problems of identification. In particular, odd combinations of hitherto discrete ichnospecies of Entobia occur within individual borings; these combinations seem only partially to be due to stenomorphism. The deep-water recent and fossil ichnofaunas also contrast with shallow-water counterparts. For Entobia , the deep-water communities are much reduced in ichnospecies diversity and most of the dominant ichnospecies are rare in shallow water.10abioerosion10aboring organisms10acoral reefs10aEntobia10aMarine10aMED10apalaeo studies10aPleistocene10aPliocene10atrace fossils1 aBromley, R., G.1 aD'Alessandro, A.  uhttps://reefichno.myspecies.info/content/comparative-analysis-bioerosion-deep-and-shallow-water-pliocene-recent-mediterranean-sea00702nas a2200193   4500008004100000020002500041245009800066210006900164300001200233490000700245653001500252653001700267653001600284653001300300653002100313100002500334700001800359856013100377       1993                        eng d  a1437-3262, 0016-783500aTwo bioerosion ichnofacies produced by early and late burial associated with sea-level change0 aTwo bioerosion ichnofacies produced by early and late burial ass  a276-2800 v8210abioerosion10aBurial rates10aIchnofacies10aPliocene10aSea-level change1 aBromley, Richard, G.1 aAsgaard, Ulla  uhttps://reefichno.myspecies.info/content/two-bioerosion-ichnofacies-produced-early-and-late-burial-associated-sea-level-change03941nas a2200301   4500008004100000020001400041245012800055210006900183260001600252300001200268490000600280520299100286653001503277653001503292653001203307653001203319653001703331653001103348653001303359653001303372653001603385653001803401653001103419653003103430100002203461700002203483856013403505       1994                        eng d  a0883-135100aOligocene-Miocene extinction and geographic restriction of Caribbean corals; roles of turbidity, temperature, and nutrients0 aOligoceneMiocene extinction and geographic restriction of Caribb  aTULSAbSEPM  a576-5980 v93 aAbout half the Caribbean hermatypic corals died out in the Caribbean during the latest Oligocene through Early Miocene, about 24-16 Ma. The majority of those corals that died out in the Caribbean are extant in the Indo-Pacific, i.e., they suffered geographic restriction, rather than extinction. The coral and coral associate faunas of three Upper Oligocene and three Middle Miocene fossil reefs in western Puerto Rico were compared. Coral genera at these sites suffered 50% regional extinction (extinction or restriction), equivalent to earlier reports of this Caribbean coral extinction/restriction event. Nearly all coral genera tolerant of both turbidity and cool water survived; those tolerant of cool water or turbidity alone survived in much lesser proportions. Corals occurring on both patch reefs and shelf edge reefs survived in much greater proportions than those occurring on only patch reefs or only shelf edge reefs. There are no shelf edge barrier reef complexes documented from the Early or Middle Miocene in the Caribbean; the uppermost Miocene shelf edge reefs of Mona Island are the only known Miocene shelf edge reef deposits in the Caribbean. Coral associates, the endolithic sponges, bivalves, worms, and barnacles that live in coral skeletons, were almost completely unaffected by this event. Likewise, reef and off-reef gastropods, bivalves, and echinoids suffered only insignificant reductions in diversity. Only corals and large benthic foraminifera were strongly affected by the extinction. It is significant that zooxanthellate organisms were the primary victims of this extinction. Miocene endolithic sponge borings are significantly larger than their Oligocene counterparts, suggesting more intense bioerosion on Miocene than Oligocene reefs. Bioerosion is generally correlated with nutrient levels, and the apparently more intense bioerosion of Miocene corals may indicate enhanced nutrient availability on Miocene Caribbean reefs. Extensive Miocene phosphorites throughout the Caribbean indicate enhanced upwelling in the region during the time of the coral extinction/restriction. Biogeographic evidence from corals, coral associates, and molluscs corroborates this pattern, along with the evidence from bioerosion levels. Enhanced upwelling could account for the extinction/restriction by generally increasing nutrient levels and cooling Caribbean costal surface waters, thus restricting reef development to on-shelf patch reefs, where corals would be subject to more intense sedimentation. Modern reefs of the Eastern Pacific may provide a modern analogue to Miocene Caribbean reefs. This regional extinction was important in dividing a previously cosmopolitan reef fauna into several modern provincial faunas. This biogeographic separation was completed in the mid-Pliocene with the rise of the isthmus of Panama. Coral associates, which universally survived the Oligocene-Miocene event, also have much more cosmopolitan distributions than do corals.10abioerosion10aCOSTA-RICA10aGEOLOGY10aISTHMUS10aPALEONTOLOGY10aPANAMA10aPATTERNS10aPliocene10aREEF-CORALS10aSEDIMENTATION10aSTRESS10aTROPICAL AMERICAN MOLLUSKS1 aEdinger, Evan, N.1 aRisk, Michael, J.  uhttps://reefichno.myspecies.info/content/oligocene-miocene-extinction-and-geographic-restriction-caribbean-corals-roles-turbidity