@article {57,
	title = {Sponge biomass and bioerosion rates increase under ocean warming and acidification},
	journal = {Global Change BiologyGlobal Change Biology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {12},
	year = {2013},
	note = {http://DD8GH5YX7K.search.serialssolutions.com?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Sponge+biomass+and+bioerosion+rates+increase+under+ocean+warming+and+acidification\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Fang\%2C+James+K.+H\&rft.au=Mello\%E2\%80\%90Athayde\%2C+Matheus+A\&rft.au=Sch\%C3\%B6nberg\%2C+Christine+H.+L\&rft.au=Kline\%2C+David+I\&rft.date=2013-12-01\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=19\&rft.issue=12\&rft.spage=3581\&rft.epage=3591\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fgcb.12334\&rft.externalDocID=GCB12334\&paramdict=en-UShttp://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif\&issn=1354-1013\&client=sydneylibu; U6 - ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Sponge+biomass+and+bioerosion+rates+increase+under+ocean+warming+and+acidification\&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology\&rft.au=Fang\%2C+James+K.+H\&rft.au=Mello\%E2\%80\%90Athayde\%2C+Matheus+A\&rft.au=Sch\%C3\%B6nberg\%2C+Christine+H.+L\&rft.au=Kline\%2C+David+I\&rft.date=2013-12-01\&rft.issn=1354-1013\&rft.eissn=1365-2486\&rft.volume=19\&rft.issue=12\&rft.spage=3581\&rft.epage=3591\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fgcb.12334\&rft.externalDocID=GCB12334\&paramdict=en-US U7 - Journal Article U8 - FETCH-LOGICAL-e1974-558bc69b3ac554eca4aed45ef1777ec9fef4ef1c7e6fcf77d22fbe4c87d4dd581[]},
	pages = {3581-3591},
	publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {The combination of ocean warming and acidification as a result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) is considered to be a significant threat to calcifying organisms and their activities on coral reefs. How these global changes impact the important roles of decalcifying organisms (bioeroders) in the regulation of carbonate budgets, however, is less understood. To address this important question, the effects of a range of past, present and future CO 2 emission scenarios (temperature~+~acidification) on the excavating sponge Cliona orientalis Thiele, 1900 were explored over 12~weeks in early summer on the southern Great Barrier Reef. C. orientalis is a widely distributed bioeroder on many reefs, and hosts symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium . Our results showed that biomass production and bioerosion rates of C. orientalis were similar under a pre-industrial scenario and a present day (control) scenario. S ymbiodinium population density in the sponge tissue was the highest under the pre-industrial scenario, and decreased towards the two future scenarios with sponge replicates under the {\textquoteleft}business-as-usual{\textquoteright} CO 2 emission scenario exhibiting strong bleaching. Despite these changes, biomass production and the ability of the sponge to erode coral carbonate materials both increased under the future scenarios. Our study suggests that C. orientalis will likely grow faster and have higher bioerosion rates in a high CO 2 future than at present, even with significant bleaching. Assuming that our findings hold for excavating sponges in general, increased sponge biomass coupled with accelerated bioerosion may push coral reefs towards net erosion and negative carbonate budgets in the future.},
	keywords = {Acidification, Atmospheric carbon dioxide, bioerosion, carbon dioxide, Chemical oceanography, Climate change, coral reefs, Global temperature changes, Global warming, invertebrates, Ocean, Ocean temperature, Reefs, Sponges, Statistics, temperature},
	isbn = {1354-1013},
	author = {Fang, James K. H. and Mello-Athayde, Matheus A. and Sch{\"o}nberg, Christine H. L. and Kline, David I. and Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove and Dove, Sophie}
}
@article {58,
	title = {Methods to quantify components of the excavating sponge Cliona orientalis Thiele, 1900},
	journal = {Marine EcologyMarine Ecology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	note = {http://DD8GH5YX7K.search.serialssolutions.com?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Methods+to+quantify+components+of+the+excavating+sponge+Cliona+orientalis+Thiele\%2C+1900\&rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology\&rft.au=Fang\%2C+James+K.+H\&rft.au=Sch\%C3\%B6nberg\%2C+Christine+H.+L\&rft.au=Kline\%2C+David+I\&rft.au=Hoegh\%E2\%80\%90Guldberg\%2C+Ove\&rft.date=2013-06-01\&rft.issn=0173-9565\&rft.eissn=1439-0485\&rft.volume=34\&rft.issue=2\&rft.spage=193\&rft.epage=206\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fmaec.12005\&rft.externalDocID=MAEC12005\&paramdict=en-UShttp://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif\&issn=0173-9565\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif\&issn=0173-9565\&client=sydneylibu;http://www.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif\&issn=0173-9565\&client=sydneylibu; U6 - ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info\%3Aofi\%2Fenc\%3AUTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Methods+to+quantify+components+of+the+excavating+sponge+Cliona+orientalis+Thiele\%2C+1900\&rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology\&rft.au=Fang\%2C+James+K.+H\&rft.au=Sch\%C3\%B6nberg\%2C+Christine+H.+L\&rft.au=Kline\%2C+David+I\&rft.au=Hoegh\%E2\%80\%90Guldberg\%2C+Ove\&rft.date=2013-06-01\&rft.issn=0173-9565\&rft.eissn=1439-0485\&rft.volume=34\&rft.issue=2\&rft.spage=193\&rft.epage=206\&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111\%2Fmaec.12005\&rft.externalDocID=MAEC12005\&paramdict=en-US U7 - Journal Article U8 - FETCH-LOGICAL-e2985-c8130b598e49abfe30f6d66a0ce827ea739d07bcfecc015c2e119ab7247e1fb81[]},
	pages = {193-206},
	publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc},
	abstract = {This study applied the loss after combustion ( LAC ) method and the acid decalcification ( ADC ) method to quantify different components of an excavating sponge. Samples of dried coral skeleton of F avia sp. invaded by the I ndo- P acific excavating sponge C liona orientalis Thiele, 1900 were used. The sponge tissue penetrated the 12-mm-thick samples to approximately 10~mm. The average proportional weight of organic matter, siliceous spicules, calcareous substrate and salts in the entire samples was found to be respectively 2.5\%, 4.4\%, 90.5\% and 2.5\% of dry weight applying the LAC method, and 2.9\%, 5.9\%, 89.0\% and 2.3\% of dry weight applying the ADC method. Respective volumetric proportions of the organic matter, spicules, substrate and salts were then calculated to be 6.4\%, 5.5\%, 85.2\% and 3.0\% of volume with the LAC method, and 7.4\%, 7.2\%, 82.7\% and 2.7\% of volume with the ADC method. The LAC method showed low variability of data and is simple and fast and therefore is recommended. The ADC method generated very similar results to the LAC method. However, due to the handling involved in the ADC method, more than half of the spicules may be lost and the method is therefore not recommended unless careful data corrections are considered. In addition, the buoyant weight method was used to quantify actual substrate weight in the fresh sponge-substrate samples. This method was found to be at least 97\% effective, revealing that buoyant weights can potentially be used to quantify bioerosion rates of excavating sponges. To our knowledge, this is the first study to systemically quantify organic and inorganic components of an excavating sponge and its calcareous substrate, providing improved standard methods for future studies.},
	keywords = {bioerosion, biomass, component analysis, excavating sponges, spicules},
	isbn = {0173-9565},
	author = {Fang, James K. H. and Sch{\"o}nberg, Christine H. L. and Kline, David I. and Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove and Dove, Sophie}
}
